Substitutions

Substituting ingredients:

1 small clove garlic = 1/8 tsp garlic powder
1 square unsweetened chocolate, 1 oz = 3 tbsp cocoa and 1 tbsp fat (shortening or butter)
1 cup whole milk = 1 cup skim milk plus 2 tbsp. butter or ½ cup Carnation and ½ cup water
1 cup Sour milk = 1 cup milk add 1 tbsp vinegar or lemon juice or use 1 cup buttermilk
1 tbsp. fresh herbs = ½ tsp crushed herb or 1/3 tsp powdered herb
1 cup pastry flour (cake flour) = 7/8 cup all-purpose flour
1 cup all-purpose flour = 1 cup plus 2 tbsp pastry flour or cake flour

Fresh squeezed fruit juice substituted for juice:
1 lemon = 2-3 tbsp. lemon juice
1 medium orange =  6-8 tbsp. orange juice

Tomatoes

Peeling fresh tomatoes:
To peel fresh tomatoes, dip the tomatoes in boiling water for 1 minute.  Remove and drain.  Cut stem end and peel.
Peeling frozen tomatoes:
Freeze your fresh tomatoes in a freezer bag.  When needed, remove from the freezer.  Place the tomatoes under the tap and rinse with cold water.  The tomato skin will come off.
Tomato Sauce:  Made using tomato paste.  Blend and cook the sauce; use a 5 ½ oz can of tomato paste, 1 to 1 ½ cups of water and 1 tsp of salt.  If desired, you may add garlic, pepper and spices.